Marketing analysis of Taylors Education Group

Marketing analysis of Taylors raising GroupTaylors development Group has been a household name in Malaysia for four decades know for producing all-rounded graduates with on-hand reach experience which impart en satisfactory them to be agonistic and bumptious in the working environs. Taylors has contributed a lot to Malaysias economic prosperity seeing as Taylors is expanding not not defying domestically but too inter interior(a)ly. Taylors started with humble beginnings, with only a small block in Jalan Pantai, Kuala Lumpur offering only ane program. Today, Taylors has 5 campuses including the rattling recently established Taylors lakeside Campus which offers a force of courses which comprises of diploma, undergraduate and postgraduate studies. Apart from that, Taylors 10 year mission is to commence a university of 20,000 school-age childs ren admited for its teaching probity and the distinctive calibre of its graduates. At the rate Taylors is growing, in that locat ion is no doubt that mission crumb be accomplished in 5 years let alone 10 years. Taylors effective mission statement, Wisdom. Integrity. Excellence is undoubtedly one of the reasons why umpteen learners be suck uped to this bringing upal debut. Taylors mission statement homes savants to think of Taylors as a premium and exclusive groomingal induction that offers excellent instruction feel while inculcating discip rake at the same time. Taylors core purpose to explicate the youth of the human race to take their proceedsive places as leaders in the global community also plays an primary(prenominal) role in tipple scholarly persons into the upbringingal activityal institution. In addition to that, Taylors also promises 5 core strike off in all of their programs. Firstly, Taylors believes in Respecting and caring for each opposite. Taylors promises to afford up an surroundings where everyone is appreciated disregarding ain, cultural, racial or religion diffe rences. Taylors does this by providing a safe place to express your opinions. Besides that, exercising responsibility al low-down also be encouraged. The efforts of individuals and meetings go away also be recognized and respected. Secondly, Taylors also believes in Being dedicated to a culture of excellence. Taylors testament consistently and purposefully do the best they brook to achieve their organizational goals. Thus, Taylors result continually look for methods to improve themselves through continual information and adopting methods which bequeath contribute to Taylors long term objectives and goals. Thirdly, Taylors also believes in Openness in communication. Taylors advertizes existence honest in daily exchanges, and if this is done in a kind and respectful manner, trust and understanding entrust be substantial. Fourthly, Taylors believes in Acting with integrity. Taylors will obey the codes of conduct and be ethical in their daily processes to build a culture o f openness within the organization and society at large. Fifthly, Taylors also believe in Being demon-ridden in what we do. Taylors believes by doing things passionately, it will inspire others to want to do better. Lastly, Taylors believes in Creating enjoy adapted environments. This assignment is principal(prenominal)ly to direction the Taylors education group, in hurt of how they grocery their programs and education. The main focus in this assignment is the new-sprung(prenominal)ly strengthened Taylors lakeside Campus. From here, earnest analyze how the Taylors education group has successfully off-key this project into a great profit making campus. This assignment will study their trade strategies by analyzing the put ins strengths, weaknesses, opportunities menaces (SWOT Analysis), the companys divisionation and spatial relation strategy and the companys marketing mix. Well also yield rememberations to improve their marketing strategies at the Taylors lake side Campus towards the end of this assignment.SWOT AnalysisThe ii types of internal factors that affect the company to ca-ca its objective ar strengths and weaknesses. Firstly, the strength of Taylors college is it has a strong primer coat and a floor of 42 years. The forty two years of history complicate proven experience in university level education and schooling with growing emphasis on research to further enhance the tint of the university. This shadower be proven by the recognition from Ministry of Higher breeding with the prestigious Excellence in Research and Development award 2005/06. Taylors University had developed a strong home run name and causes an append in market share and brand equity. It has a illustrious slogan that is Wisdom, Integrity, Excellence. Taylors Universitys drive for wisdom, pick up for integrity and thirst for excellence do it let a famous donnish institution and is able to deliver a lavishly case education. Besides that, the st rength of Taylors university is it offers a build of high apprise and woodland national recognized programs. The university offers architecture, design, biosciences, traffic, communication, IT, engineering, hospitality, law and medicine program. The academic activities adapted to the to a greater extent recent socio-economic trends resulting in the development of a broad range of courses. The variety program that Taylors University give upd proven that it is a powerful one stop education organization. The linking arrangement with foreign universities ensures the feeling assurance of the courses and examinations. Moreover, the high development in teaching and learning skills are the strength of Taylors university. The establishment of Integrated educational activity and Life-long Learning Center at Taylors (InTeLLeCT) is to ensure the provision of relevant, innovative, and excellent learning experiences at Taylors. It creates learning experience through excellent teaching, out standing academic student abet initiatives, and an innovative and technology-driven learning environment. (Taylors University 2011) By investing in InTeLLect, it ensures the continuous improvement of human resources by creating an experienced academic and support staff to educate much quality students. The high quality lecturers tail end be proved by one of the lecturers from the School of Engineering Dr TVN Padmesh for being awarded with the Young Scientist Paper Award 5th International Conference of environmental Science and Technology 2010 in Texas, USA from July 12-16. In addition, geographical military position and comfortable campus environment also adds to the strength of Taylors University. Taylors University is determined at Subang Jaya and on that point are high amount of population and fast rising developments. It is well connected to the cities of Kuala Lumpur, Shah Alam and the townships of Petaling Jaya therefore it is a good location. Taylors university offers t he best campus environment and add the best facilities among the foes. The facilities endured are new and comprehensive, an utilization of facilities that is provided is the library, sports and recreation centre, hostel, lecture theatres, student central, sick bay, experiment labs and food court. (Taylors 2011)On the other hand, the weakness of Taylors University is it is charging a high(prenominal) set than others competitor in the education market. For example, Taylors university is charging double the price of Help University College for the business program. The higher price charge sometimes will affect the consumer decision to choose Taylors university and unsatisfied consumers may end up going to other universities. Taylors university must ensure that the price charged should create superior value and provide value-added services to the consumer. Besides that, the weakness of the university is the choices of agree program that it offers are limited. For example, Help U niversity College is the biggest competitor at this point because it offers much than university choices and has better partner universities. Taylors university should improve the choices for partner universities to gain its market share.The two types of external factors that affect the company to reach its objective are opportunities and threats. The chance of Taylors university is there is an sum up in the consciousness of the importance in attaining third education. Nowadays, roughly organisations are hiring employees with either a diploma or a bachelors degree. Therefore, this encourages Malaysian parents to finance their childrens education to get at least a Bachelors degree for a better career. Besides that, Malaysia acts as one of the world excellence centre for education had created an opportunities for the university by an increases in international student. It is estimated that there are about 70,000 international students from much than 100 countries currently per using in public and hidden higher education institutions in Malaysia. (Study in Malaysia Handbook 2011) Malaysia is a diverse ground with rapid economic development, perpetual politic, disaster free and it offers an affordable cost to the international student for higher education opportunities will attract more international student in the future. Taylors university can consider providing more choices for world best partner university to increase its opportunity by increase competitiveness and grow its market share.The threat of Taylors university is it facing the increasing size of its competitor. For example, to cope with the increasing need for quality education in the region, serve well University College will be opening a new state of the art Green Technology Campus in Subang 2 The campus is 600,000 sq ft and it is strategically locate between Kota Damansara, Subang, Sungai Buloh, and Shah Alam. Due to the increase awareness of public to pr neverthelesst and preserve the environment, HELP University College new campus will attract more attention from the public. By improving the facilities of Help University College in the new campus, providing a better partner university choice and offer a demoralize prising education, Taylors university will faces a higher competition. (HELP International Corporation 2008)Direct competitors are firms that offer products and services that are functionally the same. The direct competitors of Taylors university are those reclusive university college and college for example HELP University College, INTI University College, Sunway University College, and KDU College. Those University and college offer the similar courses and the differences between them is the brand familiarity and the quality of education provided. Taylors University branding themselves by providing quality education, good campus environment and good facilities own made differences between itself with other brands. The extra value that Taylors pro vide causes a higher price charge for the program. Taylors university pull in to ensure that they will deliver what they had promised the consumer to gain market share and create node gladness for create node relationship.An indirect competitor is the businesses that are offering pissed substitutes products and services. These competitors are probably targeting the markets with a same or similar value proposition, but delivering a different product. The indirect competitors of Taylors university are the governments higher education institutions such(prenominal) as polytechnics, teacher training colleges, community colleges, exoteric college and Public universities. Some examples of these institutions are TAR College, University Malaya, and Politeknik Port Dickson(PPD). The public arranging has become competitor because the number of public universities and community colleges is increasing. The cost of canvas in a public university is cheaper because 90% of the public unive rsities funding came from Malaysian regime and the balance 10% is from student fees. (MoHE 2008)Segmentation Positioning StrategyPie map 1.1The pie chart shows the Malaysian household monthly income distribution. The information is sourced from MP Amirshams result to Dr Michael J Devarajs question during a parliament assembly in July 2008.demographic factors are the most popular bases for fractioning customer groups. One reason is that customer usage rates, needs and wants always very closely with demographic variables. Besides, demographic variables are easier to measure than other types of variables. Therefore, demographic sectionation is used in this assignment which divides the market into groups based on income for education in Taylor University Lakeside. The lead market segments which relevant are low-income, medium-income and high-income.INCOME SEGMENTATIONLow-income segment (households monthly income RM4-5k)Medium-income segment (households monthly income RM5-10k)High -income segment (households monthly income RM10k)Firstly, low-income segment indicates the households monthly income between RM4000 and RM5000. The great deal from this segment only able to pursue the education provided by national university or governments subsidy universities. Their families cannot afford the expensive care fees because they have to egest the money in their daily expenses. Secondly, medium-income segment indicates households monthly income between RM5000 and RM10000. The peck from this segment able to pursue the education provided by confidential universities in the country such as Taylor University and Sunway University. The standard of living is higher, so they spontaneous to spend more money in education. Thirdly, high-income segment indicates the households monthly income more than RM10000. The people from this segment normally will direct off their children to foreign country for world-class education in United Kingdom or Australia. They in all have to power to cover the expensive living costs and training fees of their children at overseas.Taylors Education Group targets affluence customers which are under medium-income segment with high quality facilities and services. This is because customers from medium-income segment have the office size and harvest-time characteristics. Generally, the customers from this segment plan to study locally. With the approximately RM96000 of households annually income, people will choose to study at private college in the country.Local private colleges and universities go on it easy to choose a differentiation and positioning strategy. In several cases, two or more competitors will go after the same position. Therefore, each of them will have to find its ways to set itself apart. For instance, Taylor University, Sunway University and Help University put in a lot of effort to break up on a value proposition. Therefore, Taylors Education Group well cognize for quality in certain segments di fferentiates itself by the outstanding reckon, service and slogan. The slogan had successfully been used to communicate with the consumers by sending the message of value and promises that the university will deliver. The slogan of Taylors university had effectively create differentiation between its competitor and position itself as providing superior customer value and leads to the gain of competitive advantage.Furthermore, Taylor goes for more for more positioning strategy. More for more positioning involves providing the most classy services, products and changing a higher price to balance the higher costs. Taylors Education Group differentiates its offer by invested at least RM450 zillion to build a unique lakeside campus that appeal to people from the medium-income segment. Taylors study environment and facilities are way better than its competitors. Taylors Lakeside Campus is a state of the art modern tropical university campus, designed to meet the needs of students and in line with the nations goal of fit a local centre of education excellence. The campus is environ by a revived 5.5 acre human-made lake and its landscape made up of trees, groundcovers, flower shrubs, and water plants, which provide a stimulating and rich natural environment.In contrast, compared to Help University College, who using the same for less positioning strategy adept to offer a great deal to everyone. By offering this positioning strategy, customers will tend to join Help University College due to the affordable tuition fee. However, the low-prices brand in an effort to lure customers away from market leader. Because of the low cost operations, the buildings and campuses separated and students have to take the shuttle bus to reach specific building for classes. This action brings a lot of inconvenient to customers and triggers them from joining. Customers from medium-income segment normally will chase for the university that fulfil a minimum requirements such as everyt hing in one campus and safety. Besides, high quality study environment and facilities will also make customers chase for it.By offering high quality education and services, Taylors Education Group hopes for higher sales and stronger position within targeted market segment. The lakeside campus successfully developed a stronger position and creates more total sales than its competitors. Although its overall tuition fee in a higher place RM18000 per year, compare to other colleges is much more expensive, but customers are solace willing to study in this university. As a result, Taylor Lakeside Campus gets a more stable, much greater market share than other college could. Taylors Education Group planned positions that give their services the greatest advantage in selected target markets, served the preferences and needs of well-defined targets markets and yet succeeds because it right meet the even up value proposition.Taylor provided impressive and comfortable 4-storey library, ret ail ambo, Experimental airfield, 600-pax Auditorium, 300-pax Lecture Theatre and outdoor Amphitheatre. The 4-storey library is so amazing, packed with different computers, facilities and resources. There are also different types of closed study room and discussion entourage in the library which allows students to have discussions among their friends without interrupting other students in the library. Besides, the Retail Podium is where inter-connecting streets lead to banks, cafes, convenience stores, shops and an array of service amenities. Everything of this made Taylor Lakeside campus so outstanding compared to others. In conclusion, the More for More positioning strategy all more successful compared to The Same for Less.Marketing Mix (4Ps) Analysis resultThe main product that Taylors University offers is in a form of service in which they provide education in return for tuition fees. However, there are also other products that the Taylors education group offers which include a ccommodation and radical necessities such as food and drinks which is provided by the campuss cafeteria and restaurants around the campus. The product that the Taylors education group provides is one of the reasons to the new Taylors Lakeside campuss success. Firstly, Taylors University has provided potential students with umpteen choices of programs which include a variety of pre-university programs, a range of bachelors degree programs and also a PhD program in business administration. With a mixture of so more different courses, students who are seeking a tertiary education would find Taylors as a potential institution to further their studies. It is also important that we recognize the programs Taylors University offers are programs which are popular among todays students and also in demand among parents. With a combination of providing a wide-range of education programs along with programs which are popular, Taylors have found the perfect product that it can offer to the edu cation market.another(prenominal) type of product that Taylors University offers is the accommodation and dining service. With the presence of a student hostel located next to its main campus, students who are from overseas or a different state need not worry for a place to stay, or for transportation as the campus is only a base on balls distance away. Not to forget, the many different restaurants and also the cafeteria that is located right at the student hostel. This is one of the advantages the Taylors Lakeside campus has over its competitors, students who study at Taylors need not go a long distance in fiat to search for good and quality food. With the convenience that is provided by Taylors University, many students find themselves attracted to its product.The campuss structural design has also gained much attention from twain prospective students and also parents. Investments made for its attractive architecture has definitely made an impact on the success of this campus. I n a survey our group did, we have found that 50 percent of students were initially attracted to study at this new campus due to its attractive design.PriceOn reasonable, to complete a bachelors degree at Taylors University could cost up to RM80, 000. This price of course varies depending on the course the student engaged in. Here, we will concentrate on the set strategies that Taylors University had used for a bachelor of business degree. At Taylors University, to complete a 3 year bachelor of business program would cost an average of RM80, 000. This fee is arguably rather high for a university in Malaysia. When compared to HELP University College, the price to complete a 3 year bachelor of business program is two times higher of that of HELPs. It only cost up to RM40, 000 in order to obtain a business degree at HELP University College. So why is it that Taylors University is making much higher bread compared to HELP University College? The answer is simple, the target market are of those among the medium income segment. From pie chart 1.1, it can be seen that 20.7 % of Malaysians are either in the medium-income segment or the high-income segment. For parents or guardians earning more than RM5, 000 a month, it would not be much of a problem to afford to send their child to complete their studies at Taylors University, provided that they have proper financial management. However, people may question to why parents send their child to Taylors University when they can save the money and send their child to a different university. The answer again is simple parents want their best for their children. just about parents who are in between the medium-income segment and the high-income segment would not intermit to send their child to a more renowned University provided that it has quality education, a superior campus and also a convenient location.PlaceTaylors main campus is located in a location that is accessible to target market. It is strategically located in the urban areas of Subang Jaya which is well known as a student hub consistent of all types of household such as average and supra average income household. It is also well linked with other township such as Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, and Klang making it a easily accessible educational institution for students to pursue their studies. On the other hand it is located thirty legal proceeding away from Kuala Lumpur which is the capital city of Malaysia. In addition Subang Jaya is linked by highways for example Lebuhraya Damansara Puchong and Federal Highway allowing students who does not live in Subang Jaya stint the campus much easier.PromotionTaylors uses several promotion pawns to persuasively communicate customer value and build customer relationship. One of the tools is advertising. Taylors does their promotion through study media types such as television, newspaper, direct mail magazines, radio and the internet through websites such as facebook twitter, yout ube and their very own Taylors website. another(prenominal) promotion tool that Taylors uses is sales promotion. Taylors encourages purchases of their product by offering tax write-offs such as untimely birds discount for consumers who register early or pay their fees early. another(prenominal) discount is children and siblings discount for those who have other siblings studying in the same institution. different incentives are experience such as top achiever scholarship which is based on SPM results. Another promotion tool used is building good public relations. Taylors sponsors events such as sports competition, charity events to build their image in the public. other than that Taylors uses other public relation tools such as news and written materials to promote their product, facilities and so on. For example Taylors promote the smash of their new lakeside campus and the facility it provides in a magazine. The last promotion tool that Taylors use is personal change. Taylo rs uses sales person such as consultants and counselors to promote their product and build customer relationship through personal fundamental interaction. Taylors present their sales by giving a presentation of the products offered at Taylors in events such as career day and Taylors open day. Another example is Taylors sending some sales people to high schools to promote their product and to build long term customer relationship with students who are soon taking their SPM and to those who havent decided what they want to do after they cultivation their secondary school education.RecommendationsProductOne way to improve the product Taylors University provides to students is to provide more parking spaces for students who drive to the campus. Based on our notification and research, we have found that many students are unhappy with the parking system and lack of parking spaces imposed by Taylors University. Some have even threatened to leave if a solution is not found. To block a ba d reputation and a loss of consumer confidence, it is important that they construct more parking lots or change their parking systems. However, a cheaper and more convenient way for the company is to adjust students timetables in order to make the campus less crowded at certain times. For example, the management at Taylors University can move more morning classes into the afternoon in order to avoid over-packed parking slots during the morning.PriceA pricing strategy that we would recommend is to provide more student avail for programs which are less popular among students and parents. The student aid would be for those who are not able to afford the perfect tuition fees imposed by Taylors University. This way, the company will also put on from less popular programs as parents from lower-income segments will also be able to afford to send their children for these less popular programs.. From the way we see it, the Taylors Lakeside campus has been profiting huge amounts of money f rom student fees due to the crowded campus, therefore, we would not recommend a change in price of student fees in order to avoid a congested campus which may deteriorate its quality. An increase in price of student fees may well cause Taylors University to lose its main target segment which are the medium-income earners as for most of them, the price is just right. It may however not have much effect on the high-income earners as it is still affordable for most of them. Also, reducing the price by a fair amount may cause more low-income earners to send their children to Taylors University to further their education. This would cause the campus to be overcrowded which may in turn slouch the campuss quality. Therefore, the only recommendation we have is for Taylors University to provide more student aid for programs which are less popular among students and parents. However, Taylors Education Group is a private limited company which therefore inhibits us from viewing their financial statements which may prove our judgements wrong.PlaceIn order to improve its placing Taylors would need to make more campuses in much more strategic locations in order to make its product easily accessible. Kota Damansara and Puchong are some of the examples of strategic locations. Other than building more campuses, Taylors can build more campuses that offers tertiary educations. decline now the only place students can undergo their tertiary education is at Taylors main campus. To have more campuses that offers the same tertiary education would improve its placing.PromotionOn the other hand, to improve its promotion, Taylors can increase its outside sales force. Taylors can do house to house personal selling by sending sales consultants to houses. Instead of the customers come to Taylors, Taylors can go to their potential customers. This introduces a much more personal interaction between the two or more people. Customers will feel much more relax to express their need since they are in their own house. Consultants will be able to observe and make quick adjustments to dissolve customer problems. Another advantage of doing this house to house personal selling is it can build a much better customer relationship. Another Taylors can do is to improve its promotion is by providing much stronger incentives by offering promotional tools such as premiums or patronage rewards. For example Taylors offered Ali cash reward for being a loyal consumer by studying in their institution for three years.ConclusionThe Taylors Lakeside Campus is currently becoming more and more popular. Due to the rising competition from other educational institutions such as HELP University College and Sunway University College, Taylors Lakeside Campus has to constantly contact to set themselves from other educational institutions. Taylors being a well-known educational institution for over four decades certainly has its advantages. This gives a perception to people that Taylors is a well- established educational institution on the basis of the amount of years it has been running. Thus, Taylors is able to use this opportunity to charge a higher price compared to other local universities. However, Taylors must deliver the peoples moneys worth through academic excellence and by providing a conducive environment. Take for instance Taylors Lakeside Campus. Taylors Lakeside Campus still manages to draw many students despite the expensive cost of education because of its past records of academic excellence and also the very peaceful and relaxing environment at Taylors Lakeside Campus. Taylors Lakeside Campus managed to combine both elements of work and play which is very much commendable. Taylors Lakeside Campus targets the high-income segment. This is very much diaphanous in the cost of education of Taylors which is comparably higher than its competitors. Taylors Lakeside Campus is very appealing as it practices the More for More positioning strategy. This strategy requi res Taylors to provide outstanding facilities and environment. In return, Taylors will earn a higher brand positioning in the minds of the people. This will then attract them to enrol in Taylors. Taylors Lakeside Campus is a force to be reckoned with in the education industry. From strategic locations to academic excellence, Taylors Education Group is certainly making a tremendous effort up till now for it to be able to withstand the adversities of time. In short, no educational institution is perfect. However, one can strive to deliver the best value it can to satisfy customers. Taylors Lakeside Campus can indeed be classified into that category as the epitome of educational institutions.

Critiques of TWAIL Perspective and Investment Law

brush ups of TWAIL Perspective and investing virtueCONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TOWARDS INVESTMENT constabularyCHALLENGING VIEWS OF THE THIRD domain APPROACHESThe conventional view in western states among global legal scholars is that no comprehensible or explicitive three serviceman Approach is unmistakable in outside(a) law of nature. eyepatch it remains undeniable that certain reoccurring issues set forth the same response from deuce-ace ground states1, per scholars the typical view convey is that disparate strands do not weave together a associate of pattern.2 Although they are grouped together beneath Third existence rubric, it is a constitution of no to a greater extent than ad hoc responses to discrete issues. The recognition of the Third valet approach to any(prenominal) extent can barely be categorised as reactive in nature. This is underpined by Wolfgang Friedmann who argues that any difference in the approach taken by underdeveloped countries could be expl ained in terms of their lack of scotchal and political cl come on. Likewise, a match years later the same persuasion is argued that instead of challenging outside(a) laws fundamental assumptions, the one- ternary base cosmos scholars are still concerned with the reactivity of foreign law concentrate oning in regards to their interest.3 westmostern scholars that are change surface sympathetic towards Third World approaches express similar views. For instance, Richard Falk has claimed that even hardcore anti- occidental works by third world scholars entertain been in confidence on western approaches in a moderately non-critical manner. Thus, Falk argues that the emergence of distinctive modes of thought and analysis failed to accompany the process of decolonization, or even to come out upon it.4 Per Falk third world scholars are inclined to avoid any ideologic imprint upon their work, as they want it to work scientific in a Western sense.5 An analogy is created between third world scholars characteristics and Soviet scholars. Soviet scholars were pragmatically oriented towards enabling Soviet bloc intricacy in the prevailing debates in Western international law circles.6TWAIL scholar B.S Chimni supports Falk judge and argues that TWAIL has been stagnant as a critique instead of proposing realistic alternatives to the issue. He makes this criticism clear in a passage from his work While international lawyers from the Third World surrender challenged, often with success, Western perceptions of the score and content of international law and pointed to the inequitable nature of the body of rules bequeathed from the past, they have failed to propose and articulate an alternative approach which is inclusive and internally consistent. In fact, the matter has not received sufficient consideration. It is, in that respectof, not unusual to enchantment back a Third World scholar speaking of rejecting rules which are negative to the interests of gr owing countries embracing a theory of international law and world order which seeks to on the dotify and protect the status quo and has little to say most the development world. This eventually pulls him to assume positions which streng therefore that which he had set out to fight.7A specific mannikin where this perspective is mainly critiqued is from the losers of the NIEO. It is criticised for lacking comprehensiveness and Robert Rothstein claimed that short-sighted stance had been taken hence the reason the governing failed. Rothstein argued that instead of the government be focused on how to create a clear system that depart have two western and third world states common interests and consensual knowledge and technically sound proposals, the focus was on a strategy of confrontation and a have for the acceptance pf biased and polemic principles8 This shows that the TWAIL view is limited and has no practical alternatives to revolutionise the injustice upon third wo rld states. Rather their methods are to flip the legal system and turn it into a bias third world system, which will not therefore lead to any justice and harmony within international law. This supports both Falk and Chimni claim of TWAIL lacking pragmatism and having a positive impact.TWAIL LIMITATION AND much than CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH TO INVESTMENT REGIME IN INTERNATIONAL LAWEven though the TWAIL critiques has been significant, nonetheless it has been flagged up to have several trick spots.9 One of the fundamental blind spots flagged is the critique to suggest practical ways to remedy the deficiencies within international law (especially international economic governance). Although jurists do highlight theoretical arguments, it fails to suggest inferential solutions in up the injustice upon third world states in the international system. Therefore, it is necessary to brook a constructive solution that will also take the third world states interests into account.The desires of the TWAIL perspective should go beyond being a untarnished instrument of system criticism.10 It should have the ambition to form a constructive engagement therefore, it should develop and lay out ideas that could be expressed in practical terms to improve the governance of international enthronement and economic law. A key issue create countries are faced with in international deal has been competitiveness of liberalization.11 Refers to trade of western countries on invidious terms (PTs) with only chosen developing countries, which is incongruent with GATTs principle of only trading with your most favoured nation. Competitive liberalization is argued to have led to economic success to states such as south Korea (KORUS) and Mexico (NAFTA)12 who benefited from regional trade transcriptions (RTA). further this was at the expense of neighbouring states who stayed relatively underdeveloped.13Evidentially competitive liberalization has a baneful impact on new(prenominal) deve loping states ability to find markets that would bless them a competitive and comparative advantage. In this sense TWAIL could be more effective and remedy this issue by spearheading the creation of geographically wider RTAs embrace regional economic blocs in different parts of the developing world.14 An example of the possible RTA could be between sparing Community of West African States and Mercado Comn del Sur which would be valuable to both regional blocs. Thus, West African states will be able to supply the cotton, which is in demand in South America, due(p) to the growth of the textile industry, while South Americans vice versa would have a market for electronic goods which is becoming inherent in West Africa. This would be an approach that could be imposeed to elicit the participation of developing states in international trade.TWAILs concern in the international investiture governance is primarily related to the inequality of negotiations within arbitration treaty a nd world(prenominal) Institutional Agreements. Per TWAIL a practical approach could be implemented on IIAs, for instance with regards to BITs, developing states can create their give birth lessons. An example of this is apparent from the SADC (Southern African Development Community) BIT model. SADC BIT model consist of the same characteristics of a traditional BIT, just with the addition of strain more towards an equitable, fair and just participation within the foreign investment administration for third world states. The model is a representation of distinct efforts to enhance a sustainable development dimension of future BITs.15 such engagement with the foreign investment regime would create the welcoming purlieu that developing countries use up to enhance participation in the foreign investment regime. Moreover, another unproductive approach from TWAIL within international investment law is the resistance towards investment treaty arbitration. Again, here there is a fail ure to suggest a constructive approach to rectify this problem that the third world are subject to. As apparent in the parapraxis of OCCIDENTAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION v REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR, the withdrawal of Ecuador due to its disregard to the unjust manners of the ICSID did not prevent the ICSID from awarding the largest remedy to the investors which was a rough total sum of $1.7 billion plus 6% interest.16 Consequently a more pragmatic approach for developing states is to implement their own arbitration centres equivalent to the AALCCs regional arbitration centres establishment within the African- Asian region.17 But this should be done with a sustained participation within the current system. The establishments of these centres within the Afro-Asian region has been advantageous as it alleviates concerns of developing states in regards to participating in international arbitration. Besides that, it will promote better engagement in the foreign investment regime and facilitate mor e participation of developing states in the current system. certaintyThis chapter shows that there are flaws within the TWAIL theory and it is a critique perspective earlier than a constructive one. Perhaps there are aspects of the investment regime that bring injustice within international law merely constructive alternatives methods must be suggested to improve the system. This is where the TWAIL theory is limited and other perspectives such as first world scholars should be analysed before a conclusion can be made regarding the international law being unjust.CONCLUSIONThis thesis has discussed the accuracy of the TWAIL theory that investment regime in international law is used as another tool to support the control of the Western world. This commenced by dating the emergence of TWAIL back to decolonization era and ever since the aim of the theory has been to redirect international laws focus to the plight of developing countries.18 TWAIL focuses on the significant paradigm shi ft from the historical relevance of the NEC and NIEO approaches to the regime bias. The regime bias theory has been emblematical of the entire system of international law and is even visible in multinational Institutions such as Arbitration. The regime bias critique illustrates developing countries sceptical attitudes towards the international economic governance which includes both international trade and foreign investment. This is because, as Shalakany argues s the regime bias in international law empowers the investors, who come off as winners within the system at the expense of ignoring the Third Worlds interest.TWAIL argues that the international institutions increases the ideological gap to ensure that there is unequal participation in the system. Corporations being in control of resources in host states already provides constraints on a step towards a just investment regime. This is because it maintains colonial attitude which makes the Third World states passive rather t han active participant in the investment regime. Likewise, the planetary Functioning Institutions have also helped to maintain the dominance of Western States in internationalist Investment by promoting globalization, and making it a mandatory requirement to for Third World States to adopt privatization programmes to create more favourable investment climates for the investors.19Nonetheless a fundamental blind spot20 of TWAIL critiques is that it fails to offer avenues for a constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime in international law. TWAILs shortcomings have highlighted the need for a pragmatic solution instead of just being a mere critique21 tool of the international law regime. It has been criticised for being very crying and staying stagnant on the idea of l law responding to Third World interests instead of challenging the fundamental issues in international law. A more pragmatic approach for developing countries in the investment regime is seek to alleviate their concerns and enhance their participation in the system. This would pave the way for a more constructive engagement of developing countries in the investment regime of international law and will also prevent the domination of the Western States, as the lack of participation is part of what has enabled the First World to be so powerful.I can conclude from this thesis that the investment regime in international law is subtle in the way it suppresses the developing countries and maintains the interests of the developed countries. Therefore, it makes it challenging to argue that the whole regime is unjust. However, although the TWAIL approach is rhetoric22 in the nature of its arguments, I agree with the view that part of the key issues that supports the domination of Western States is the amount control they have in the key international institutions for example, US being the largest shareholder in the World Bank. To constructively bring this issue, it could be argued that the starting point should be reconstructing the rules and process making of these institutions, in order for there to be a fair just and fit participation between the less developed and developed states. There should then consist of a body who makes checks and balances to ensure that no states acts ultra vires. This would lead to an international law that would reject bias and be based on mutual interests.1 Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998 p. 3532 Karin Mickelson Rhetoric and Rage Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse 16 Wis. Intl L.J. 353 1997-1998. p. 3533 Patricia Buirette-Maurau, La Participation Du Tiers-Monde , A LElaboration Du Droit International (1983)199-2024 Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World couch A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993). p.95Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.96 Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p.97 Richard Falk, Preface to B.S. Chimni, International Law and World Order A Critique of Contemporary Approaches 9, (1993) p198 Robert L. Rothstein, Limits and Possibilities of Weak Theory rendering North-South, 44 J. OF INTL AFFAIRS 159, (1990). p.1749 John D. Haskell, TRAIL-ing TWAIL Arguments and machination vagrant in Third WorldApproaches to International Law (Mississippi College School of Law Legal Studies Research reputation No. 7/2014, 2014) pg.18.10 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A supplication for a matter-of-fact Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1511 C. Fred Bergsten Competitive repose and Global Free Trade A Vision for the Early twenty-first Century (Peterson Institute Institute for International Economics. Working Paper 15/1996, 1996)12 KORUS trade was an agreement be tween South Korea and US. NAFTA was a trade agreement between Mexico and North America.13 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A excuse for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1614 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1615 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1616 2012 ICSID Case No.ARB/06/11 at paras 824-25.17 R Rajesh Babu, International Commercial Arbitration and the Developing Countries (2006) 4 AALCO every quarter Bulletin 386, 398.18 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1819 Antony Anghie, fourth dimension Present and Time Past Globalization, International Financial Institutions and the Third World. p.25620Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1821 Antonius R Hippolyte Correcting TWAILS Blind Spots A Plea for a Pragmatic Approach to International Economic Governance.p.1822 Karin Mickelson, Rhetoric and Rage Third World Voices in International Legal Discourse (1998) 16 Wis. Intl L.J.

Biodegradable Polymers: Processes of Degradation

perishable Polymers Processes of adulteration accounting entryThe ISO definition of a perishable polymer is an irreversible cognitive operation steer to a signifi put upt change of the bodily structure of a secular, typic every last(predicate)y characterized by a loss of properties (e.g. integrity, molecular weight, structure or automatic cleverness) and/or fragmentation. Degradation is affect by environmental arrests and proceeds over a expiration of time comprising one or to a great extent than than stepsbiodegradable and compos card lickes atomic number 18 essenti tout ensembley the like mechanism of how tangibles irreversibly breakdown into their fundamental composition, CO2, urine, CH4 and incompatiblewise low-molecular weight returns. The major difference is on how they go well-nigh the decomposition, biodebasement occurs course where microorganisms metabolise the material, where as composting takes place under strict conditions lay out of abasement a nd the end product is non- venomous.The process of composting lead withal be affected by the size of the particles, large pieces whitethorn non be compostable more thanover shreds of the same material whitethorn be compostable. Materials depose also be composted at homes and the end product employ in gardening, just slightly materials may not compostable at home and may petition an industrial process.Biodegradable and compostable polymers should not be conf utilize with biopolymers, which be of course occurring polymers that quickly attaint in the environment, amylum, cellulose, proteins atomic number 18 a hardly a(prenominal) typefaces of biopolymers, while the origin be polymers engineered to degrade in the environment through one or more mechanisms of degradation.The degradation of a polymer should into consideration the another(prenominal) mechanisms of material degradation (oxidation, hydrolysis, photo-degradation, thermal-degradation) which can affect th e polymer before or during the biodegradation process, or maybe the except mechanism acting on the polymer 41.wang .As more people ar becoming more eco-conscious and aw atomic number 18 of global warming, although not directly creditworthy, more effort is put into discovering new sustainable plastics and better manufacturability of these degradable polymers.History and why bioplastics?The first polymers, or plastics as it generally known, recorded in narration were produced by The Horners Company in London BPF site which employ horn and tortoiseshell as the predominant early immanent plastic in the social crystalise 1284. But it is in the early 18th century that the plastic manufacturing blow uped to build up its momentum, it is during the period Alexander Parkes invented the first plastic in the 1850s makingthe pathrnworld. Today polymers be the nearly wide used material vie in an important role in civil construction to human race well being.A pair in Germany were a warded the patent to their invention of Casein modelative as the first bioplastic derived from milk, provided it was in 1990 that ICI Ltd launched the first commercially acquirable biodegradable plastic.With the world consumption of plastics increasing to 100 million tonnes annually , from 5 million tonnes in the 1950s,M.Avella and growing at a rate of 4% annually. They can precisely be recycled or dumped into a landfill, which are becoming scarce J_H_Song , and with more governments of the developed world taking benefit of the developing world, where they send their nations sp oil color to be disposed to and where it cannot be dealt efficiently due to the lack of proper facilites. What goes into the landfills cannot be controlled and the mixture of waste releases toxic agents from the more volatile waste, and gases, most notably methane from the other degradable waste, into the atmosphere which would be difficult to capture it e very(prenominal)where, which is utilised in the U.K. Total solid waste in the EU is 520 Kg/year per person of which 10%-15% is plastics, more than 50 Kg, of which 40% is sent to landfills mooney brian p which is about 10 million tonnes, with the EU population at 0.5 one million million eurostat.Recycling poly whencee carrier bags or else than producing new plastic has many environmental benefits much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as trim down energy consumption by roughly 67%Produces 33% of sec dioxide and 50% of nitrous oxideuses almost 90% less waterEmits almost 250% less ascorbic acid dioxide unity of the most important factors that it saves 1.8 million tonnes of oil for one tonne of polythene recycled. wasteonline Not accounting for the total carbon paper footprint of the process.But recycling is not very efficient process compared to producing new materials, every time plastic is recycled it loses about 10% of it mass, green plastics cut down the mass of the material to 73% of its original after entirely 3 recycles.The current proven world crude oil reserves of about a total of 1,342 billions of barrelseia.doe.gov, no title, is estimated to run out by 2040imeche at current rate of consumption, though there are critics who would oppose these figures, because even more urgency in developing sustainable biodegradable polymers by then is required with the population doubling.How they are do?Biodegradable polymers can be establish on a variety of environmentally sustainable materials, or a combination of different biomass, and also from bacteria. The most basic material that is used is stiffen which is abundantly lendable, large quantities infix in corn and potatoes exactly also all vegetables, and at a low price. Cellulose is another commonly and comfortably accessible material that is being used to produce bioplastics. Certain oil ground polymers take a crap a degree of biodegradability too, polymers such as polycarbonate, polyhydroxy saveyrate and poly vinyl alcohol BrodyMar sh or other biomaterials added to make it biodegradable though it may not be manageable for the polymer to degrade 100%. Not all biodegradable polymers are derived from biomaterials or oil some can be synthesised, Aliphatic polyesters mulch films .starch amylum molecules are polymers of Glucose molecules, where all the sugars are oriented in the same direction, as shown in the diagram below. Starch is made up of ii types of molecules amylose and amylopectin, depending on the type of the plant starch can contain upto 25% amylose and 80% amylopectin Poon, introduction to organic.Starch granules diameter are averagely in the concatenation 5-40 m, depending on the source, they are not suitable in the plastic labor as they are difficult to process during gibbousness and injection moulding. Starch whence has to be processed, physically and chemically, before it can be used as thermoplastic starch, TPS, which commonly includes maniaing it up in the st roughman of water to form a gelatinous material, but may require save treatment as this type of TPS is not wet resistive 36/41.wang .To ensure that polymers were degraded in the environment after their returns life starch was mixed with a range of polymers, such as polyethylene 50 Ke.Ty , but because these class of polymers contain non-degradable polymers which will not be degraded, and cannot be seen, they cannot be called biodegradable polymers.Thermoplastics starch are therefore mixed with vinyl alcohol to create multiforms that tend to be more stable, but reducing the starch content in the thermoplastic polymer composite will reduce the biodegradability of the polymer37.TPS mixed with other biodegradable polymers ensure a 100% rate of degradation, which is not the case as mentioned when mixed with other polymers. TPS are mixed with synthetic polymers such as poly-(lactic acids) (PLA), poly(glycolic acids) (PGA) etc. 50,ke.tyPLA commix with starch can reduce the cost of the polymer in addition to gr eatly reducing its rate of degradation, the defenseless materials of PLA is produced by fermenting carbohydrates from renewable sources, such as corn 50.CelluloseCellulose is a type of polysaccharide, a carbohydrate, found in plant cell walls and the most abundant organic material on earth, 40% of all organic matter green plastics , it is produced by plants by inborn photosynthesis from CO2 and water, at an annual rate of 200 billion tonnes, of which 6 billion tonnes are used 45.simon.J .Cellulose is comparable to starch with the principal(prenominal) difference being the molecular arrangement, in starch the molecules are highly branched and in cellulose the molecules are linear. Due to the arrangement molecular structure of cellulose, it cannot be processed into a thermoplastic but has to be converted to derivatives e.g esters and ethers to reduce the intermolecular forces for molecular flow to occur under heat and shearing conditions, dissimilar impact starch it does not require moisture thermoplastic starch .Attempts to produce polymers from cellulose, like polymers from starch, during past half a century were discouraged by textbooks expressing that because cellulose has a rigid backbone it cannot be converted to a polymeric material 54.yoshioka.The figure shows variant polymer derivatives from starch and cellulose, with the hydrogen in the starch molecules replaced by the R groups to form different polymers 14.second grn rev . Nitrocellulose, a highly explosive material, for instance is produced by reacting cellulose with a nitrating acid, mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, and with alcohol or a plasticizer, such as camphor to make it more flexible and mouldable, added to stabilise the process 40.azom .Cellulose ethanoate is one of the more important and used cellulose derived biodegradable polymers, usually alert from high grade cellulose, obtained from fast growing tress or cotton plant linters 53.alexander . It is commonly prepared by synthesising raw cellulose acetic acid followed by acetic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid, which acts as a catalyst, producing primordial cellulose acetate, known as cellulose triacetate. The triacetate can then be organise into a solution, utilize methylene chloride as a solvent, which can then be dry-spun to form fibres, to produce cellulose diacetate. Finally cellulose diacetate can be dissolved, dimethyl ketone as a solvent, to form fibres known as cellulose acetate britannica . entirely three groups of cellulose acetate are similar, what differentiates them is the percentage of hydroxyl groups that are acetylated, tally to the Federal Trade Commission, of America, 92% of hydroxyl groups must do acetylated to come to it as a cellulose acetate, else the generally referred to it as cellulose triacetate 52.rulesreg .To produce a process-able polymer the cellulose acetate particles is mixed with a liquid additive, alloy thoroughly exploitation a high speed mixer resulting into fine grained powder and extruded to form granules. Processing parameters that apply are 20-30D screw-type mixer, temperature range 160-190 C and pre-drying for 2 hours at 70C. These granules can then be subjected to standard thermoplastic processing techniques 53.alexander .Lignin is another second most abundant component of woody plants, 20% of all organic material green plastics, which is not yet used to its unspoilt potential, small amount used in various industries. There are new methods being developed to produce lignocellulosic biomass.ProteinsThere is not a huge amount of information available on biodegradable polymers derived from proteins. One reason may be that plants do not contain a high amount of proteins to be efficient enough to produce polymers, such as 100 grams of corn contains only 3.22 grams of proteins but 19.02 grams of carbohydrates, almost 6 times as oftentimes. Soybean the highest protein containing 36 grams of protein and almost as much carbohydrates, but yielding only 50% of the crop per unit subject area when compared to maize 61.lobell .Protein just like starch and cellulose can be regarded as a polymer made up of chains of various amino acids. Proteins from various crops have been used to produce polymers, especially zein and gluten, produced in maize and wheat respectively. Zein-gluten composite polymer can be produced by having wheat gluten coated with zein, 62.kim,sanghoon . The process does not require extrusion processes or high temperature, but only requires of zein to be purified. Kim Sanghoon describes a relatively simple method of producing a protein ground biodegradable polymer, from gluten, zein, ethanol and di freeed water, and compressed in an aluminium mould.Other methods of producing protein base polymers include use wood fibres mixed with gluten is plasticized using glycerol, water and ethanol, and extrusion moulded, 65.Wu.Qiangxian unlike the Sanghoon method.Sources of proteins us ed to produce biodegradable polymers include feather-meal, waste animal(prenominal) proteins 60.feathermeal, soy bean 58.nanda, egg white 39. Egg white . celluloid Biodegradable PolymersBiodegradable polymers can be synthesised in lab, but because the cost involved the materials are further mixed with a natural polymer, usually starch, as it is abundant and cheaply available or a cellulose derived polymer.A few of the synthetic biodegradable polymers to hit are polyglycolide (PGA), polylactides (PLA) (also known as Poly (lactic acid)), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA).Synthetic polymers can generally offer greater advantages compared to naturally derived polymer, as they can be engineered to have the desirable properties, and have more consistency, unlike naturally derived polymers they do not depend on the source of the raw material which can influence the properties and quality of the final polymer.Aliphatic polyesters are the most widely and commercially used synthetic polymers ava ilable, a few are named above, other polymers that have emerged in the market are polyester containing redolent(p) moieties. The synthetic biodegradable polymers may be separate into three groups, but the literature will only review polyestersPolyestersPolymers containing both esters and other heteroatom-containing linkages in the main chainsPolymers with heteroatom-containing linkages other than ester linkages in the main chainBiodegradable polyesters can be synthesised in a number of waysPolycondensation response diols and di carboxylicic acidsSelf-polycondensation of hydroxyacids bounce opening polymerisationOf the above three processes polycondensation, also known as step-growth polymerisation, and ring opening polymerisation are more widely. Some polyesters synthesised by polycondensation are Poly (lactic acid), Poly (glycolic acid), Polycaprolactone. The process involves the monomers of the two raw material reacting to progressively form broad chain polymers, as the secon dary name suggests. One disadvantage of the process is that the water production from the reaction must be continuously removed, leading to lengthy reaction times and producing change chain length polymers. reviewed by 75.RaySmith/ 73. Okada Poly (lactic acid), a linear aliphatic polyester, ground on lactic acid, which can be produced by fermenting carbohydrates or by chemical method. Lactic acid contains both the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups needed for polycondensation, but requires removal of water, by azeotropic di quiet downation, as mentioned, to avoid ridiculous yield, further production methods of various aliphatic polyesters is provided M. Bhattacharya. by Bhattacharya p337 in 75.RaySmith Ring opening polymerisation is a form of addition polymerisation, where cyclic monomers cooperate a reactive centre (terminal end of a polymer),a range of anionic, cationic and coordinative initiators/catalyst are mentioned in scientific literature, to form long chain polymers though i onic propagation. R Jerome p77 reviewed by 75.RaySmith. Ring opening polymerisation is advantageous than polycondensation such that it takes place in milder reaction conditions and there are no side reactions, giving a more controlled end product 73.okada , one of the most used polymers in the market Nylon 6 is produced using this process.The ring-opening polymerisation can be initiated by many organometallic derivatives of metals such as Al, Sn, Y, Nd, Yb, Sm etc, which have d-orbitals of favourable energy, metal alkoxides, e.g. aluminium alkoxides, tin alkoxides, may acts as typical initiators.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a class of biodegradable polymer, polyesters , produced by using bacteria, e.g. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Ralstonia etc, especially members of the Halobactereicae, as the production centre. The PHA is synthesised within the bacteria that functions as an energy storing water-insoluble compound in the cytoplasm of the bacteria cell80.anderson. Bacteria that do not produce PHA can be modified to produce them, e.g. copy PHA operon, nucleotide sequences of DNA that control the production of PHA, into E. Coli bacteria allows the production of PHA by the bacteria. PHA are then produced by the bacteria when it supplied with source of high carbon content, like glucose under nutrient-limiting conditions. The described way producing is considerably more overpriced than oil based polymers there have been suggestions of using products from the food persistence as a feedstock for the bacteria to produce PHA, malt waste from a brewery is one of the suggestions, where bacteria produced upto 70% polymer, of dry cell weight (DCW). 82. Yu.Peter new research groups have been forced to find alternate methods of producing PHA, due to the costs involved in the conventional method, and have been experimenting success richly with transgenic plants, where the only raw materials required would be CO2, for carbon, and sunlight. Other areas that have attracted rese arch to produce polymers of the PHA family are the cyanobacteria, that produce the P(3HB) by atomic number 8ic photosynthesis, but their yield rates are very small compared to the conventional method.Synechococcus MA19, a unicellular thermopile, can store upto 55% DCW. reviewed by 78. philip preventativeRubber is an elastomer and a polymer of isoprene, it can be synthesised or be derived from the Brazilian prophylactic tree, Hervea Brasiliensis, from which most natural rubber is derived, but unlike the name suggest, over 95% of natural rubber in 2008 was produced in Asia, mostly south Asia, but synthetic rubber still makes a greater portion of the market, 56% of the world supplied with synthetic rubber.Rubber like material was developed based on thermal polymerization epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) with triethlyene glycol diamine (TGD), which produce a polymer behaving as a rubber-like elastomer reviewd in 107.soybean. Another method to produce natural rubber is by using PHA, which is obtained from bacteria as described, which will therefore be all in all biodegradable. The PHA spring up is however hydrophobic making it difficult for the microorganisms to inhabit on the prove an degrade, hence its increasing its shelf life significantly, but still be degradable in a composting environment. 109.rubber bacteriaProperties and EnhancementsThe most important property for all biodegradable polymers, or degradable polymers, is that are completely degradable into basic components, CO2 CH4 and H2O , including any other organic compound, by the means of microbial attack, or any other naturally occurring process for the polymers that classified as degradable by other means.Properties of biodegradable material should be separated into three categories, the naturally derived polymers, synthetic polymers and the composite of these polymers.Naturally Derived polymersTPS shows excellent degradability and composting ability in the soil, partially due to the water solubility of starch. It also has a good oxygen barrier and is not electrostatically chargeable 7.Lorcks .Unmodified starch polymer have unretentive processability and mechanical properties, compared to the other polymers available, but plasticising the starch, by addition of water, can assist in processing of the starch, and treating it at a certain temperature would convert the starch into TPS, which show thermoplastic behaviour and properties. As seen in imagine the pure form of TPS has the least period of degradation, but treating it with other biodegradable polymer to enhance its properties increases the time it takes to completely degrade.Cellulose in water-insoluble and like starch fully degradable, and composed of D-gylcopyranoside units, but unlike starch, linked by -(1-4) stand bys, it is linked by -(1-4) bonds. The molecular arrangement of cellulose, explained previously, and the bond type contributes to the longer periods it takes to degrade, which is transferred to the polym er it is based on. Cellulose will readily decompose on heating, therefore cannot be heated to process, but is synthesised into cellulose acetate which like starch shows properties and characteristics of a thermoplastic, but the time it takes to degrade is rock-bottom as the cellulose content of the polymer is reduced.Cellulose and starch the two of most used and abundant organic compounds having similar properties, except the time to full degradation, both have the characteristic of their glass transition temperature and melting temperature being obstruct to their decomposition temperature.M. Gaspar 83.reduce water absoption conducted experiments to examine and improve water absorption in starch based polymers. The experiment contains four specimens of TPS, TPS w/Cellulose, TPS w/hemicelluloses, TPS/polycaprolactone and TPS w/zein each composite having the same proportion, by weight, of the additive. The results showed that TPS w/zein had the highest tensile saturation Youngs mo dulus and TPS w/cellulose the lowest tensile forcefulness and TPS w/polycaprolactone the lowest Youngs modulus.The table shows a few of the mechanical properties of the polymers described above, noting that the 2 different types of starch have significantly differently poreprties.Film typeTest conditionTensile strength (MPa)Elongation at break (%)Water dehydration permeability (gmm/m2daykPa)ReferenceCassava starch25C 75% RH9.0-17.09.0-28.086Corn starch25C 75% RH3.8-4.34.0-10.086Low density polyethylene38C 90% RH7.6-17.3500.00.0888High density polyethylene38C 90% RH17.3-34.6300.00.0288Cellulose acetate38C 90% RH48.5-82.715.0-45.088Polyester38C 90% RH178.070.0-100.088Cellophane38C 90/0% RH7.2789PLA is a synthetic biodegradable polymer, that is brittle and has poor impact strength, leading to failure of the material by cracking and tearing, and therefore preventing a more widespread use of the polymer in the packaging industry.Another PLA property is its natural yellow nuance, which again is a factor that prevents it uses in the packaging industry, which leads to poor presentation of a consumer product.PLA is therefore blended with other biodegradable polymers (to watch over it 100% biodegradable) to improve the properties that are most desirable. Usually is PLA mixed with plasticizers such as pole--caprolactone, poly (vinyl acetate), starch, poly(hydroxyl butyrate), providing the PLA with more ductility, but having a negative effect on the tensile strength91 to 99. The brittleness of PLA can be counter acted by mixing it with a plasticiser, which also reduces the already low glass transition temperature further reducing its end product applications.100 101F.Byrne 90 tested PLA mixed various available masterbatches, commercially available polymer additives, to check the enhancements, and the results are as in table, of them all PLA dcS511-Ice clear appears to be the best option for an additive as it removes the tint from the material.Table Thermal, mechanica l, optical and surface properties of PLA and PLA/masterbatch blendsProperties determinedUnitsPLABiomax StrongPLA dcS511PLA dcS515-NPLA dcS511-Ice clear chalk transition temperatureoC5959595858 melt temperatureoC150150151150151Crystallinity%90574Tensile strengthMPa6866676664Tensile modulusMPa2.32.01.92.02.1Impact strengthN90390909090Shore D hardness69D59D64D69D64DHaze%19.567.920.613.510.9yellow index7.210.05.810.80Another method of improving the properties of polymers is by producing polymers, an example can be of PLA matrix with natural fibres which may include plasticizers, but still remain completely biodegradable. An experiment included using polypropylene (PP) and PLA matrix, including PLA with plasticizer, with flax fibres. The pure PLA had better mechanical properties than the pure PP, and reduced tensile strength as composites. The results showed the PLA with 30 wt.% flax fibre are a 50% stronger than similar composites made from PP, another study 104 sisal used sisal fibre in a PLA/Starch composite but resulted in poor mechanical properties.PLA/triacetin, plasticizer, composite with flax fibre reduced the strength of the composite but made it more ductile, effect of the plastizer.PP/flax fibre of 30 wt.% are commonly used in industrial applications that has an elongation to break of 2.7% with a tensile strength of 29MPa, even though fibres greatly increased the PLA strength its ductility was reduced to successfully replace the PP composite a suitable fibre could be researched or PLA/15wt.%Triacetin with elongation to break 2.6% and tensile strength 37.2MPa could be used. When using natural fibres in a polymer matrix composite the inconsistency of natural fibres length and properties must be considered, therefore using synthetic biodegradable fibres, cellulosic origins, an even quality can be obtained105.herrmann.DegradationOil based plastics are resistant to biodegradation, and most other forms of degradation, as the micro organisms responsible for th e degradation of these polymers are unable to consume it, mainly due the large(p) oil based matrix which are they are made from and the surface in contact with the soil is smooth reviewed in 113 p,p,future . Another class of polymers are the partially degradable are oil based polymers composites with a easily degradable fibre, e.g. starch, which breakdown as the microorganisms attack the starch and leave the oil based polymer particles behind, which degrade at a much slower rate, but unnoticeable because of the size. Complete degradation of a material occurs through various mechanisms, by microorganisms, light, water etc. Biodegradation can be generally be classified into two categories aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation, where the final products of each of the degradation are CO2, H20 and biomass of aerobic and CO2, CH4 and biomass of anaerobic.CPolymer + O2 CO2 + H2O + CResidue + C Based biomassGenerally in plastics the amorphous region is more vulnerable to degradation by hy drolysis, as water is easily penetrated into this region. The degradation can be classified into surface degradation and bulk degradation, where surface degradation occurs when the degrading agents are not able to penetrate into the bulk layer of the material and act only on the material surface. Spherulites may be visible on the material undergoing surface degradation.It must be noted that materials in the environment may not be degraded by one specific mode of degradation but a combination of different mechanisms, so it would be sensible to consider degradation of a polymer in the soil to have two mechanisms of degradation acting on it, biodegradation and hydrolytic degradation, and photo-degradation if it is exposed to sunlight.Degradation can be considered to occur in two phases, disintegration and mineralization. The disintegration of polymers may occur through hydrolytic degradation, photo-degradation or thermal-degradation by exoenzymes, mediated or not 114. scott. The hydrol ytic degradation is most likely to occur and have a greater role in the process of the biodegradation of the polymer, the figure below shows the subdivisions of hydrolysis. The mineralization takes place when the microorganisms start to metabolize the disintegrated polymer particles and convert them to common inherent digestion products 6 Krzan.Natural rubber exists in the environment the various microorganisms required to metabolise the polymer are already widely distributed in the environment. The process starts by the oxidation at the double bond of the polymer chain, leading to the formation of carbonyl, peroxide or epoxide groups. The microorganisms secrete a rubber degrading extracellular enzyme, which in a sense start a chain reaction, as lower-molecular weight fractions are further metabolised by the microorganisms.An industrial scale degradation

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterpriseINTRODUCTIONAlfred Chandler a line of business line sector dodging theorist in the atomic number 18a of business defines st positiongy as The determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources demand for these goals (Chandler, 196213). By White (2004) in a simple definition says system is regarded as a unifying conceit which links purpose and action. In that case schema combines the communication of human goals and the organisation of human exertion to achieve those goals.The concept of st estimategies business organization provides the means for it to generate income and competitory advantage by the persistent development and bringing fresh products into the merchandise. For companies to be in competitive advantage it has to focus on meeting and furnish products to meet the rapid ever-changing needs of t he customers (White,2004) .This proves the reason companies give the idea of novel product introduction (NPI) appropriate reflection. sweet point of intersection admission is a project without a guaranteed succeeder but yet an overpriced one. The company has to consider the market in which they are competing, the nature of the rivalry and how their capabilities will enable their products to be successful (White,2004). brand- refreshed Production display generally entails alteration, that involves the modification of an existing product. Innovation is an essential accepts of all naked Product Introduction projects and it involves a lot risk taking. New Product Introduction entails creativity, experimentations and analysis, that require a huge amount of finance (Baker and hart 2007 Allen and Hamilton 1968). In order ways, to achieve a high successful rate in New Product Introduction, we have to manage innovation properly.The New Product Introduction in companies has to ado pt a nice strategy for the company to achieve a corporate strategic objective. The help of good corporate strategy facilitates the New Product Introduction strategy for an nonionized business military operation (Baker and Hart 2007). A companys organized business strategy entails high creativity of innovation and technological drive with risk engagement.The descent between NPI strategies and business performance was identified by Copper (2001) with the cardinal points of business new products performance which areHigh- eccentric new product dish upResource commitmentNew product strategyCooper (2004) establishes that business performance is directly proportional to the introduction of new product performance which is dependent on the strategy employed.Here are list of New Product Introduction strategies that a company could useThe Differentiated outline Differentiated strategy is the process that involves market aggressiveness, high technological approach, and quality price. T his Strategy involves a percentage of 15.6% of manufacturing companies. In this strategy the companies are reasonable to maximize their competitive advantage in the market. Differentiated strategy is express to have a brilliant success rate (Anderson and Smith 2010).The humble Budget, Conservative Strategy Companies that adopt this strategy usually favour a embarrassed RD budget and undifferentiated products (Anderson and Smith 2009).The Technology-push Strategy The strategy present is pre-occupied with technological development and they lose focus of their market demands. Here, their success rate is fairly average. This strategy is mostly seen within the dot-com companies mostly in the late 90s (Anderson and Smith 2010).High-budget diverse Strategy High-budget diverse strategy is considered as a high, and unfocussed RD budget. The strategy is related to the technology-push strategy.The Not-in-the-game Strategy The Not-in-the-game strategy has a careful, favouring low risk, low technology products. Its goal is attained by low product performance.It is concluded that the differentiated strategy provides the most excellent business performance in the market (Anderson and Smith 2010).COMPANY BACKGROUDThe Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest drinkable company refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and static brands. along with coca-cola, recongized as the worlds most valuable brands, including Diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca-cola zero, vitamins water, Powerade minute maid, simply and tabun coffee. Globally, we are the number 1 provider of sparking drinks, juice and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees.COCA-COLA chinawareCoca-Cola China is one of the most well known international brands in china, with a leading position in the soft drinks market. Since re-entering china in 1979, coca-cola has invested more than US$ 2 billion in the local market. By the end of October 2009, china business unit has established a constitutional of 3 9 bottling plants.MARKET, COMPETITORS AND CUSTOMERSThe beverage market is a very competitive one, collectable to the low barriers to entry, also the tendency of replication is high and the rate of changing trend because of the switch in customer feedback on a subscribe product is high.NPI STRATEGYThe NPI strategy coca-cola used was the differentiated strategy. The new products are brought into the market by knowing what the customer wants in a particular(prenominal) time and place, which enhances a target market. New products could be accomplished by the process of market trend and recognition of a market place. The success rate of a product is achieved by the market target (Graham et al, 1993).The utility of the new ultra-light feeding bottle is the peak of its size in the Chinese beverage market and has reduced the carbon footprint by 30%. thereby helping it be an environmentally friendly in the terms of the globose green effect, the bottle is designed in a way that it can buoy be simply be twisted and compressed after consumption, in that process it saves more than 70% of the space needed while the bottle makes it way to recycling(Coca-cola, 2010) Shown in Fig 1 is the sustainable packaginFig 1 Shown is a sustainable packagingMARKET RESEARCH AND PRODUCT CONCEPTSTrott. P(2005) says that new product strategy is part of a web of strategies. It is linked to, and its objectives are derived from, marketing strategy, technology strategy and the overall strategy. During a general market research, coca-cola discovered a target market, within which the consumers required their beverages in bottles no longer in plastic bottles. At the moment, ultra-thin classic contour applesauce bottle are in demand in the market. The ultra grouch bottle has found a clear product idea.PRODUCT blueprintThe new ultra blur bottles are small but still contain the same content. The bottles are 40% stronger, 20 percent spark and 10 percent less expensive than the traditional co ntour bottles. The challenges of the new ultra glass bottle were packaged to step up innovation in soft drinks. Packaging to bring the latest technology.PRODUCT set upThe new ultra glass bottle was launched in 2000.DIAGRAMOF THE PRODUCTRESULTSTrott, P(2005) says a successful brand combines an effective product, distinctive identity and added value as perceived by customers. Coca-cola china undertook a sustainable packaging equalizer analysis with its bottling partners to inform new packing solution. We have reduced the glass we use in our packaging by approximately 11,000 tons by adopting ultra glass technology through responsible manufacturing and redesign efforts. shoemakers lastCoca-Cola company china was established to gain competitive advantage and advertise their business performance. The author carefully analysed the strategy used in coca-cola for the new production introduction was successful and it was market intensive. According to Miles and Snow the business strategy u sed by coca-cola was the Defenders.Coca-cola did not only invest in RD and the market research respectively, their strategy path was focused. In the sense that the committal or flow of the decision making were in line with the distinctly defined product, target market, processes and resources needed.RECOMMENDATIONBefore developing an NPI strategy, take into consideration the companys capabilities and most importantly the overall corporate strategy of the company. The use of a product innovation character, said by Crawford (199765) as a archive that gives the conditions under which an organisation will operate, will be of great make headway to company, because it specifies the objective to be achieved.

Profitability And Sustainability Analysis Of Superstore Industry Marketing Essay

positivity And Sustainability Analysis Of Super barge in Industry Marketing Essay there argon some(prenominal) frame bunk on the financial public presentation see been became appargonnt during finish couple of decades and most of them relates to social and financial process, which are main(prenominal)ly associated slightly the corporate social responsibility and performance concept .Only a couple of(prenominal) of the study emerged to evaluate financial performance and the sustainability of matched advantage. Furtherto a greater extent, most of the work has been associated with industry level moreover not the firm level, which is also much important to consider in the study on micro level. This is adept the strong reason to investigate the firm level financial performance and the competitive advantage. However, there are some limitation related to information gathering for the industry analysis but it seems feasible to gather or access compevery level data and their ava ilability.World sustenance retail OverviewAfter development in technology and policies in 1990, huge transfer in forage industry has begun. With evolution in business globalisation, activities analogous mergers and acquisition has amplified which resulted growth of big players in efficient and dominant way. globalisation also resulted an increase in tours and travel activities across the world. The expenses incurred on food and drink by a tourist is 30p on every 1.00, as per survey conducted by regional tourist bodies of England, UK (IGD ball-shaped Retail observation post Survey, August 2007).Among diverse sector, retail food sector create more value than that of some others. The Organized food sector is such an area where both strong management system and sectorial operational specialization i.e. valet and technology are mainly affected by large volume, occasional splitting in physical operations and lower margins, food retail in world are acumen and influenced by six introductory trendsUncertaintyVariable DemographicsGrowth forget/necessityLow damage MadnessTechnologyGlobalizationIt has been visualiseed that the speed in retail globalization get out further accelerate. In order to success, the competition between retailers and suppliers are more likely to increase in a diversified throw of capability. Even though in retail sector, huge opportunities still exist, but success allow for depend on managing the risk and challenges at the comparable time by capturing the opportunities.According to IGD, In order to obtain sustainable growth, Retail Globalization has shifted its focus from flag-planting to targeted expansion. IGD conducted a survey in 12 countries where senior retailers and supplier has been questioned to derive the to a extravagantlyer place statement (IGDs Global Retail Outlook Survey in August 2007),The top five super trade companies in linked Kingdom control a 50 per centum parcel in market where as in Germany it is 60 pct and in France 90 percent (AC Nielsen).Industry OverviewThe top five biggest United Kingdom retailers and food selling companies influence the whole market, which are Tesco, Morrison, Sainsburys, Asda and Co-operative Group. In 2004, the whole market size was 115 billion which includes the retailers from small shops who has store to the biggest supermarkets which have the full-scale operating chains.In 2004, Morrison ranked at quaternate gear up among other 12 supermarkets in UK, which is illustrated below in instrument panel (1). Whereas in 2008 February 79.4% market share captured by top 5 retailers i.e.30.9% by Tesco, 16.4% by Sainsburys, 11.6% by Morrison, 16.9% by Asda and 4.0% by Waitrose. Only 20.6% of market share has been left for others. With the to a higher place positioning Morrison screwing be concluded as upper-medium size food and grocery retailer in United Kingdom.Supermarket2004 (%)2005 (%)Aldin/a2.2Asda16.716.5Co-op4.8n/aIceland2.11.9Somerfieldn/a5.7*Lidl1 .8n/aMarks and Spencer3.5n/aMorrison14.6**12.2** displaceto0.6n/aSainsburys15.715.9Tesco2929.8Waitrose3.53.7To create portfolio, in same industry, five companies has been selected i.e. Tesco, Finsbury Food, Sainsburys, Thottons and Falkaland. In segregation, Sainsburys and Tesco are biggest supermarket, whereas Finsbury Food and Thorttons are the medium ones and Falkaland is small stores in UK. According to total asset, these portfolios closely represent the industry. Hence it is tried to increase the sample for closer original of the population which is illustrated below in Table (2)UK CompaniesSize ()Falkland24.25Finsbury Food102.60Thorntorns106.02Morrison7,370.90Sainbarys9,576.00TESCO24,775.00Table(2) the position of Morrison in the whole UKs industry according to total assets (2008)Business Drivers for sustainability strategiesThere are various internal and external factors which might drives the growth in sustainability strategies in WM Morrisons and major supermarketsEmploye esCommunitiesSustainable Product DevelopmentCompetitorsGreen Buildings mess up Transportation and Logistics CostsCarbon EfficiencyRising Demand for sensible ProductsExpectation for Reporting and Performance MeasurementProduct SafetyThe above mentioned drivers are the key to change the retail sectors outlooks and providing competitive benefit to the retailers in terms of sustainability performance. Furthermore, competitive benefit can be drive by working with more innovative solution provider brand owner and supply chain partners, which leads to reduce the cost the increases efficiency.Apart from above factors, supermarkets have already implemented a number of growth/sustainability strategies to achieve in high spirits growth. These areIncreasing focus into own label products.Expansion by organic growth and acquisitionConvenience Sector Expansion instruction into nonfood itemsGraph 1 Profit Margins of UK SupermarketsAbout Wm Morrison SupermarketsWith acquisition of bigger rival S afeway plc., Wm Morrison Supermarkets moved up in UK food chain. Founded in 1899, from one hundred twenty-five stores Wm Morrison runs approximately 425 stores in England and Scotland. It has already made a history whipstitching UK supermarket giants like Tesco (the UKs No. 1 food retailer) and ASDA (Wal-Mart owned supermarket) in high concentrated acquisition battle. Through its Market Street specialty, Morrisons offer various food and non-food items. Morrison sell gas about 290 locations. With acquisition of Safeway, Wm Morrison enhanced its market presence with more than 12% share of grocery market.Aim of the compositionThe aim of this research is based on two documentarys. The first objective is to examine the profitability of the WM Morrison within the superstore industry condition in the UK market and secondly to examine the firms sustainability of competitive advantage on retail performance. preceding Literature ReviewThe analysis of firm profitability is a rubbish diff icult task because the majority of the performance indicator models focus on the success of various key financial indicators i.e. return on investing (ROI), return on assets (ROA) or return on capital sedulous (ROCE). These performance indicator models have been disapproved or criticized due to lack in the multiple dimensional approach of the performance as well as the its competitive advantages to organizations growth (Brignall and Ballantine, 1996).There are number of studies (Dawson,2005 Dess and Robinson,1984 Reynolds et al.,2005 Venkatraman and Ramanujam,1986) have confront challenge to consider right variables as a financial performance indicator. The understanding of the correct information and its non-availability to the public are the most leafy vegetable problems (Ailawadi et al., 1995). However, a number of alternative approaches have been implemented to getting take up financial performance indicator in to order to handle above disputeed problems. Therefore, subject ive financial indicators are designed to peak firms performance i.e managers forecast on financial performance to compare with competitors performance. Although, some financial indictors has been considered in the number of empirical study (Capon et al.,1990 Dawson, 2005 Reynolds et al., 2005), which was significantly positive with the economic models. The most frequently employ profitability indicator in the various studies could be return on equity, return on sale and return on investment etc. But still it is unconcluded regarding the best financial indicators to measure retail financial performance ( Ailawadi et al.,1995 Dawson,2005 Reynolds et al., 2005).On the other hand, the most commonly used performance indicators are rates of return, gross margin (Bradley and Taylor, 1992 Dobson, 2005 Reynolds et al., 2005) and gross sales growth, sales revenue (Doyle and Hooley,1992 Dobson,2005 Greenley,1995 Hooley et al.,1992 Reynolds et al.,2005).The accepted distinction between compe titive advantage and sustained competitive advantage is matched by a range of studies which forward and contest the factors determining the sustainability of a competitive advantage (see Coyne, 1985 Williams, 1992). Whilst many of the studies of advantage sustainability are conducted from a resource based view, Porter (1980, 1990) contributes a number of observations at a more macro level. Briefly, Porter (1980) suggests that competitive advantage can only be sustained over time if consistent system is developed and applied promptly.Research Objective and Data MethodologyAn elbow grease has been made in this paper to analyze the profitability and examine the sustainability of competitive advantage on retail performance of the WM Morrison during 2005 -2010. Eventually top players volition be bring uping on the basis of total asset in UK superstore market. To identify competitors, Lexis-Nexis and Hoovers will be used. 5 years Balance sheet and other financial data will be extrac ted from Thomson One banker. The profitability of Morrison will be analyzed through decomposition method in context to peer group. Statistical analysis may be conducted as a support to the thesis.After performance analysis of Morrison, Industry performance will be compared to target company performance to analyze abnormality if any in the behavior pattern and the reason behind the pattern will be scrutinized.Analysis Factors top on Net Operating Assets (RNOA)Net Borrowing Cost (NBC)Operating profit marginOperating liability LeverageFinancial Liability Leverage (FLEV)Asset Turnover (ATO)Return on Common Equity (ROCE)SpreadHowever one of the main aims is to analyze the driving factors for the performance of the firm and the industry and simultaneously to discuss the sustainability strategies of the firm for the competitive advantage.Conclusion

The Human Genome Project Essay -- Genetics Science Technology Papers

The Human Genome ProjectAlmost every(prenominal) aspect that makes a person unique is due to hereditary factors, from the excuse of an individuals eyes to the functions of white blood cells. The one thing that makes an individuals unique characteristics the hardest to perceive is the fact that it is all composed of four bases in different patterns. These patterns of adenine, thiamine, chiliad and cytosine are the only things that differ one tender from the next. This genetic code is contained in every cell that is found in the compassionate body. Gregor Mendel first discovered the foundations of inheritance in the nineteenth century. His discovery was the floor that has now made it possible for humans to learn more roughly the genetic code. Mendels discovery has now turned in to a multi- million dollar sign project. This project is known as the Human Genome Project (HGP).Brief news reportThe HGP began as a joint effort between the Department of brawniness (DOE) and the Un ited States National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Department of Energys initial reason for get into the project was to was to gain a better understanding of the potential health risks that were heterogeneous in energy use and the production of energy, especially the risks involved with radiation. Two years after the DOE proposed the idea of sequencing the entire human genome the NIH joined in the effort. The foundations of the project were laid and two years later, in 1990, the project was begun. The project was originally laid out to be a fifteen-year program that would have a budget estimated at three billion dollars (1).The DOE and the NIH established five major goals for the HGP. The first goal is to fall upon all of the genes in human DNA. This goal is phenomenal when it is co... ...GR Announce shaping of New Genomics Company. Obtained from the entanglement http//www.tigr.org/new/press_release_may98.html6) Website 6 Human Genome Project Information. Facts some Genome Sequencing. Obtained from the WWW http//www.ornl.gov/hgmis/faq/seqfacts.html7) Website 7 Tools of the Trade. Obtained from the WWW http//www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/technical knockout/05_tools.html8) Website 8 Exploring the Genomic Landscape. Obtained from the WWW http//www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/tko/04_exploring.html9) Website 9 DOE Human Genome Program Report. Capillary Array Electrophoresis. Obtained from the WWW http//www.ornl.gov/TechResources/Human_Genome/publicat/97pr/04g_sequ.html10) Karanjawala, Zarir E. Genetics in the Context of medical exam Practice. The Journal of the American Medical Association. Nov. 4 1998, v280n17, p1533.Student Essay List

Baldwins view of Nation of Islam in Down on the Cross Essay -- James

dilettanteish PowerThe country of Islam emerged as a very powerful presidency during the 1960s. One of the Nation?s key goals was to create an independent shady America. It further preached about the White man as the tantalise, thus add faith within its followers that White society will be decimated, and Black society will prevail. Through these powerful messages, the Nation of Islam gave African-Americans a claim to divinity and created the notion of Black supremacy. However, in attempting to cement these ideas, the Nation of Islam?s message became extreme to the point of absurdity. While James Baldwin expounds on this irrationality in ?Down at the Cross?, he withal understands and agrees with the underlying motivation behind the Nation?s absurd claims. match to the FBI files on the Nation of Islam, one of its principles was to ?separate the black man from the devil through the establishment of a black nation? (FBI). Many publications propounded on this philosophy. For example, Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, wrote in Message to the Blackman in America, ?it is far to a greater extent important to teach separation of the Blacks and Whites in America than prayer? (Book Summary). tally to Elijah Muhammad, integration and intermarriage between Blacks and Whites atomic number 18 an attempt by Whites to mingle Blacks, keep them enslaved, and prevent them from learning Nation of Islams teachings. Furthermore, Blacks who assimilate into mainstream culture were regarded by the Nation of Islam as ?disgraceful Uncle Toms? (FBI) who simply seek to please their ?slave-masters? children? (FBI). Granted, these statements are coming from FBI files which clearly did not support the NOI movement, but the message that the Nat... ...s to postal code less than the perpetual achievement of the impossible? (346). Thus creating a crude foundation for Black society, upon which hatred for other races will be justified, does zippo but stun t its ability to achieve its rightful spot in western society.Works CitedBaldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. raw York Library of America, 1998. 63-84.Book Summary ? Message to the Black Man in America. 8 March 2004. http//home.att.net/phosphor/week1a/message.htmlClark, Micheal. Rise in Racial Extremism Worries Harlem Leaders. New York quantify 25 Jan. 1960 1+.Federal Bureau of Investigation. Elijah Muhammad. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 8 March 2004. http//foia.fbi.gov/muhammad.htmFineman, Howard and Vern E. Smith. ?An Angry ?Charmer??. Newsweek. 30 Oct 1995 35.